Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry 9

Article number 10123751

CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 9 v PREFACE vii CLAUDE SILBERT HUDSON xiii Some Implications in Carbohydrate Chemistry of Theories Relating to the Mechanisms of Replacement Reactions BY R. U. LEMIEUX, Prairie Regional Laboratory, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada I. Introduction 1 II. The Nature and Activating Effect of Neighboring-group Participation in Reactions at the Lactol Carbon Atom 1 III. Anomerizations 2 IV. Replacements at the Lactol Carbon Atom 18 46 Alkali-Sensitive Glycosides BY CLINTON E. BALLOU, Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California I. Introduction 59 II. Glycosides of Phenols 59 III. Glycosides of Enols 66 IV. Glycosides of d-Substituted Alcohols 80 V. Alkaline Degradation of Oligosaccharides 88 91 The 2-Hydroxyglycals BY MARY GRACE BLAIR, State University of New York, New York State College for Teachers, Albany, New York I. Introduction 97 II. Preparation 97 III. Proof of Structure and Properties 99 IV. Reactions 103 V. Table of Properties of 2-Hydroxyglycals and Their Conversion Products 105 123 The Methyl Ethers of Hexuronic Acids BY G. O. ASPINALL, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland I. Introduction 131 II. The Methyl Ethers of D-Glucuronic Acid 131 III. The Methyl Ethers of D-Galacturonic Acid 133 IV. The Methyl Ethers of D-Mannuronic Acid 136 V. The Methyl Ethers of Galacturonic Acids 139 VI. Tables of Properties of Methyl Ethers of Hexuronic Acids and Their Derivatives 140 ix 144 The Raffinose Family of Oligosaccharides BY DEXTER FRENCH, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa I. Introduction 149 II. Enzymology of Raffinose Oligosaccharides 149 III. Optical Rotatory Relationships 154 IV. Correlation of Structure with Papergram Mobility 160 V. Melibiose 162 VI. Epimelibiose 162 VII. Raffinose 165 VIII. Planteose 166 IX. Manninotriose 167 X. Isolychnose 169 XI. Verbascose 170 XII. Related Saccharides 174 181 The Conjugates of D-Glucuronic Acid of Animal Origin BY ROBERT S. TEAGUE, Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Alabama, and School of Dentistry, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama I. Introduction 185 II. Natural Occurrence and Chemistry of D-Glucuronic Acid 186 III. Chemical Nature of Conjugates of D-Glucuronic Acid 187 IV. Metabolism of Conjugates of D-Glucuronic Acid 194 V. Physiological Considerations 208 238 Color and Turbidity of Sugar Products BY R. W. LIDDERT, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania AND VICTOR R. DEITZ, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. I. Introduction 247 II. Basic Definitions and Terminology 247 III. Spectrophotometric Determinations 249 IV. Visual Appearance 249 V. Chemistry of the Colorant 253 VI. Concluding Remarks 262 268 Carboxymethylcellulose 283 BY J. V. KARABINOS AND MARJORIE HINDERT, Blockson Chemical Company, Joliet, Illinois I. Introduction 285 II. Manufacture of Carboxymethylcellulose 285 III. Structure and Physical Properties 287 IV. Analyses 285 V. Derivatives and Salts 286 VI. Industrial Uses of Carboxymethylcellulose 289 VII. Biological Uses and Properties of Carboxymethylcellulose and Derivatives 289 291 299 Paper Chromatography of Carbohydrates and Related Compounds BY GEORGE N. KOWKABANY, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. I. Introduction 303 II. Theoretical Considerations 303 III. General Methods 304 IV. Conclusion 306 AUTHOR INDEX 313 SUBJECT INDEX 345 ERRATA 355 CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 1-8 373 423 424