Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry 5

Artikelnummer 10123747

CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 5 Page v EDITOR'S PREFACE vii Applications in the Carbohydrate Field of Reductive Desulfurization by Raney Nickel BY HEWITT G. FLETCHER, JR. AND NELSON K. RICHTMYER, Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemotherapy, Experimental Biology and Medicine Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland I. Introduction 1 II. Hydrogenolysis of Various Classes of Sulfur-Containing Sugar Derivatives 1 III. Tabular Survey of Reductive Desulfurization in the Sugar Series 5 20 Enzymatic Synthesis of Sucrose and Other Disaccharides BY W. Z. HASSID AND M. DOUDOROFF, Division of Plant Nutrition, College of Agriculture, and Department of Bacteriology, University of California, Berkeley, California I. Introduction 29 II. Structure of Sucrose 29 III. Synthesis of Sucrose through the Mechanism of Phosphorolysis 31 IV. Specificity of Sucrose Phosphorylase 33 V. Synthetic Nonsucrose Disaccharides 35 VI. Synthetic Reducing Disaccharide 35 VII. Formation of Sucrose and Other Disaccharides through Exchange of Glycosidic Linkages 39 ix Principles Underlying Enzyme Specificity in the Domain of Carbohydrates 46 BY ALFRED GOTTSCHALK, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia I. Introduction 49 II. The Enzyme-Substrate Compound as Chemical Basis of Enzyme Specificity 49 III. The Effect of Configurational and Substitutional Changes in the Sugar Molecule on the Rate of Various Enzyme Reactions and Its Application in Marking the Combining Groups in the Substrate and Its Application 51 IV. Discussion of the Principles Controlling and of the Factors Impairing the Formation of the Intermediate Compound between Carbohydrates and Their Specific Enzymes 60 76 Enzymes Acting on Pectic Substances BY Z. I. KERTESZ AND R. J. MCCOLLOCH, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, New York I. Introduction 79 II. Pectin Chemistry and Nomenclature 79 80 ix III. Possible Changes Brought About in Pectic Substances by Enzymes Page 82 IV. Protopectinase 83 V. Pectin-polygalacturonase (PG) 84 VI. Pectin-methylesterase (PM) 88 VII. Role and Application of Pectic Enzymes 92 98 The Relative Crystallinity of Celluloses BY R. F. NICKERSON, Textile Research Laboratory, Monsanto Chemical Company, Everett, Massachusetts I. Introduction 103 II. Purpose 103 III. Historical 103 IV. X-ray Diffraction Studies 104 V. Chemical Studies 105 VI. Discussion 106 VII. Implications 109 125 The Commercial Production of Crystalline Dextrose BY G. R. DEAN AND J. B. GOTTFRIED, Corn Products Refining Company, Argo, Illinois I. Introduction 127 II. History 127 III. Manufacture 127 IV. Application of Ion Exchange Refining to the Commercial Manufacture of Crystalline Dextrose 137 151 The Methyl Ethers of D-Glucose BY E. J. BOURNE, The University, Birmingham, England, AND STANLEY PEAT, The University College of North Wales, Bangor, Caernarvonshire, Wales I. Introduction 145 II. Monomethyl Ethers 145 III. Dimethyl Ethers 145 IV. Trimethyl Ethers 148 V. Tetramethyl Ethers 160 172 Anhydrides of the Pentitols and Hexitols 186 BY L. F. WIGGINS, The Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad, British West Indies I. Introduction 191 II. Anhydrides of Hexitols 191 III. Anhydrides of Pentitols 191 IV. Some Uses of Hexitol Anhydrides 191 V. Tables of Properties of Pentitol and Hexitol Anhydrides and Their Derivatives 192 220 222 225 Action of Certain Alpha Amylases BY MARY L. CALDWELL, Columbia University, New York, New York, New ADAMS, Takami Tokuyama Laboratories, in Clifton, New Jersey AND MICHIGAN I. Foreword 229 II. Introduction 229 III. Beta Amylases 229 IV. Alpha Amylases 229 V. Discussion and Summary 234 234 Xylan BY ROY L. WHISTLER, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana I. Introduction 260 II. Occurrence 260 III. Pretreatment of Plant Material for Polysaccharide Isolation 260 IV. Removal of Pentosan-containing Material for Polysaccharide Isolation 270 V. Extractive Isolation of Xylan 272 VI. Purification 272 VII. Composition and Structure 274 VIII. Oxidation 274 IX. Degree of Polymerization 278 X. Derivatives 278 XI. Biological Decomposition of Xylan 284 XII. Industrial Uses 285 XIII. Industrial Decomposition of Xylan 285 AUTHOR INDEX 288 SUBJECT INDEX 288 289 301 304