Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry 13

Numéro d'article 10123755

CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 13 v PREFACE vii CARL NEUBERG 1 Formation and Cleavage of the Oxygen Ring in Sugars F. SHAFIZADEH I. Introduction 9 II. Formation and Hydrolysis of Aldonolactones 9 III. Formation and Hydrolysis of the Aldosides 19 IV. Nitrous Acid Deamination of Amino Sugars 24 41 The Lobry De Bruyn-Alberda Van Ekenstein Transformation JOHN C. SPECK, JR. I. Introduction 63 II. Scope 63 III. Side Reactions 68 IV. Catalysts 73 V. Uses of the Transformation for Synthesis 79 VI. Investigations of the Mechanism 82 VII. Present Status of the Mechanism 84 90 The Formazan Reaction in Carbohydrate Research L. MESTER I. Introduction 105 II. Preparation and Structure of Sugar Formazans 105 III. Identification of Aldoses and the Form of Formazans 109 IV. Preparation of Sugar Tetrazolium Compounds 113 V. Preparation of Aldobionic and Aldotrionic Phenylhydrazides 115 VI. Structure of Sugar Phenylhydrazones 118 VII. Structure of Sugar Phenylosazoncs 125 VIII. The Formazan Reaction of Periodate-oxidized Sugar Derivatives 129 IX. The Formazan Reaction of Oxidized Polysaccharides 148 X. Preparation and Use of the Tetrazolium and Carbothionic Acid Phenylhydrazide Derivatives of the Oxidized Polysaccharides and the Metal Complexes of their Formazans 156 ix The Four-Carbon Saccharinic Acids JAMES D. CHICH I. Introduction 169 II. Synthesis of the Four-Carbon Saccharinic Acids 169 III. Table of Properties of the Four-Carbon Saccharinic Acids and their Derivatives 172 187 The Methyl Ethers of 2-Amino-2-Deoxy Sugars ROGER W. JEANLOZ I. Introduction 189 II. The Methyl Ethers of D-Glucosamine 189 III. The Methyl Ethers of L-Glucosamine 191 IV. The Methyl Ethers of D-Galactosamine 193 V. The Methyl Ethers of D-Allosamine 199 VI. The Methyl Ethers of D-Altrosamine 202 VII. Analytical Properties 202 VIII. Tables of Properties of the Methyl Ethers of 2-Amino-2-deoxy Sugars 202 203 Glycosyl Ureides IRVING GOODMAN I. Introduction 215 II. Nomenclature 215 III. Formation 216 IV. Physical Properties 217 V. Structural and Chemical Properties 227 VI. General 229 VII. Tables of Glycosyl Ureides and Related Compounds 232 233 The Neuraminic Acids Neuraminic Acids and Related Compounds (Sialic Acids) E. ZILLIKEN AND M. W. WHITEHOUSE I. Introduction 237 II. Occurrence and Distribution 237 III. Isolation and Determination 241 IV. Structure and Chemistry 246 V. Biosynthesis and Metabolism 250 VI. Neuraminidases 252 VII. Biochemistry 257 VIII. Conclusion 259 263 Polysaccharide Hydrocolloids of Commerce LEONARD STOLOFF I. Introduction 265 II. Terminology and Definition 265 III. Hydrocolloids in Commercial Use 265 IV. Market Summary 266 V. Usage Trends 267 287 287 Alkaline Degradation of Polysaccharides ROY L. WHISTLER AND J. N. BEMILLER I. Introduction 289 II. Action of Alkali on Reducing End-units 289 III. Effects of Alkali on Hydroxyl Groups 289 IV. Effects of Linkages on Polysaccharide Degradation 294 V. Products from Polysaccharide Degradation 294 VI. Effects of Alkali on Oxidized Polysaccharides 296 VII. Polysaccharides which are Degraded by Alkali Through a Carbonyl Mechanism 306 VIII. Alkaline Fragmentation Reactions of Carbohydrates Lacking a Free Carbonyl 315 IX. Action of Urethane Bases on Sugars 323 326 Starch Nitrate 328 GEORGE V. CAESAR Article starts on 331 AUTHOR INDEX FOR VOLUME 13 331 SUBJECT INDEX FOR VOLUME 13 347 CUMULATIVE AUTHOR INDEX FOR VOLUMES 1-12 362 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX FOR VOLUMES 1-12 376 ERRATA 381 387